Measuring the Planck Length and the Speed of Gravity with a Newton Cradle and a Photogate

Espen G. Haug

doi:10.24018/ejphysics.2023.5.5.279

Research Article

Espen G. Haug

Norwegian University of Life Sciences

* Corresponding author

10.24018/ejphysics.2023.5.5.279

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Submitted 2023-08-26
Published 2023-10-05

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Abstract

We demonstrate how one can remarkably use a simple Newton’s Cradle combined with an accurate photogate (also known as time-gate or speed-gate) to deduce the speed of gravity, as well as the Planck length. We conducted 100 observations and found values quite close to those observed from other methods. The fact that we can extract the speed of gravity, as well as the Planck length, from just accurate measurements of the ball’s speed in Newton’s Cradle, is in line with the predictions from recent literature.

Keywords: Newton cradle Planck length Planck time quantum gravity speed of gravity

References

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Cahill K. Tetrads, broken symmetries, and the gravitational constant. Zeitschrift F ̈ur Physik C Particles and Fields. 1984;23:353.
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https://doi:10.1007/bf01572659.
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Cohen ER. Fundamental Physical Constants, in the book Gravitational Measurements, Fundamental Metrology and Constants. Edited by Sabbata, and Melniko, V. N., Netherland, Amsterdam, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.
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McCulloch ME. Quantised inertia from relativity and the uncertainty principle. Europhysics Letters (EPL). 2016;115(6):69001.
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https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/115/69001.
Google Scholar

Haug EG. Can the planck length be found independent of big G ? Applied Physics Research. 2017;9(6):58. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n6p58.
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Cavendish H. Experiments to determine the density of the earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, (part II). 1978;88:469.
Google Scholar

Haug EG. Finding the Planck length multiplied by the speed of light without any knowledge of G, c, or h, using a spring. Journal Physics Communication. 2020;4:075001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ab9dd7.
Google Scholar

Haug EG. Planck units measured totally independently of big G. Open Journal of Microphysics. 2022;12:55. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2022.122004.
Google Scholar

Haug EG. Progress in the composite view of the Newton gravitational constant and its link to the Planck scale. Universe. 2022;8(454).
Google Scholar

https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8090454.
Google Scholar

Compton AH. A quantum theory of the scattering of x-rays by light elements. Physical Review. 1923;21(5):483. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.21.483.
Google Scholar

Haug EG. Demonstration that Newtonian gravity moves at the speed of light and not instantaneously (infinite speed) as thought! Journal of Physics Communication. 2021;5(2):1. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/abe4c8.
Google Scholar

Cadeau C, Morsink SM, Leahy D, and Campbell SS. Light curves for rapidly rotating neutron stars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2017;848(2): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c.
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Salisbury WW. Velocity of gravitational waves. Nature. 1969;224. https://doi.org/10.1038/224782a0.
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Measuring the Planck Length and the Speed of Gravity with a Newton Cradle and a Photogate. (2023). European Journal of Applied Physics, 5(5), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2023.5.5.279

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Vol. 5 No. 5 (2023)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Ehrlich R. Experiments with ‘Newton’s cradle’. The Physics Teacher. 1996;34:181, . https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2344392.
Google Scholar

[2] Planck M. Natuerliche Masseinheiten. Der K ̈oniglich Preussischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften: Berlin, Germany, 1899. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93034page/7/mode/1up.
Google Scholar

[3] Planck M. Vorlesungen ̈uber die Theorie der W ̈armestrahlung. Leipzig: J.A. Barth, p. 163, see also the English translation “The Theory of Radiation” (1959) Dover, 1906.
Google Scholar

[4] Cahill K. The gravitational constant. Lettere al Nuovo Cimento. 1984;39:181. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02790586.
Google Scholar

[5] Cahill K. Tetrads, broken symmetries, and the gravitational constant. Zeitschrift F ̈ur Physik C Particles and Fields. 1984;23:353.
Google Scholar

[6] https://doi:10.1007/bf01572659.
Google Scholar

[7] Cohen ER. Fundamental Physical Constants, in the book Gravitational Measurements, Fundamental Metrology and Constants. Edited by Sabbata, and Melniko, V. N., Netherland, Amsterdam, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987.
Google Scholar

[8] McCulloch ME. Quantised inertia from relativity and the uncertainty principle. Europhysics Letters (EPL). 2016;115(6):69001.
Google Scholar

[9] https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/115/69001.
Google Scholar

[10] Haug EG. Can the planck length be found independent of big G ? Applied Physics Research. 2017;9(6):58. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n6p58.
Google Scholar

[11] Cavendish H. Experiments to determine the density of the earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, (part II). 1978;88:469.
Google Scholar

[12] Haug EG. Finding the Planck length multiplied by the speed of light without any knowledge of G, c, or h, using a spring. Journal Physics Communication. 2020;4:075001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ab9dd7.
Google Scholar

[13] Haug EG. Planck units measured totally independently of big G. Open Journal of Microphysics. 2022;12:55. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2022.122004.
Google Scholar

[14] Haug EG. Progress in the composite view of the Newton gravitational constant and its link to the Planck scale. Universe. 2022;8(454).
Google Scholar

[15] https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8090454.
Google Scholar

[16] Compton AH. A quantum theory of the scattering of x-rays by light elements. Physical Review. 1923;21(5):483. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.21.483.
Google Scholar

[17] Haug EG. Demonstration that Newtonian gravity moves at the speed of light and not instantaneously (infinite speed) as thought! Journal of Physics Communication. 2021;5(2):1. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/abe4c8.
Google Scholar

[18] Cadeau C, Morsink SM, Leahy D, and Campbell SS. Light curves for rapidly rotating neutron stars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2017;848(2): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c.
Google Scholar

[19] Salisbury WW. Velocity of gravitational waves. Nature. 1969;224. https://doi.org/10.1038/224782a0.
Google Scholar

Measuring the Planck Length and the Speed of Gravity with a Newton Cradle and a Photogate

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